Articles

Rosso G, Chandra PS. Editorial: Reproductive Events in Women With Mood Disorders: Advances in Knowledge and Management. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Nov 30;12:767983. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767983. PMID: 34916972; PMCID: PMC8669047.
 
Tikka SK, Parial S, Lahiri D, Prakash C, Chandra PS; CAn Study Group Collaborators. Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Anxiety Specific to Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Antenatal COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2021 Dec 2;23(6):21m03038. doi: 10.4088/PCC.21m03038. PMID: 34861747.
 
Bachani S, Sahoo SM, Nagendrappa S, Dabral A, Chandra P. Anxiety and depression among women with COVID-19 infection during childbirth-experience from a tertiary care academic center. AJOG Glob Rep. 2022 Feb;2(1):100033. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100033. Epub 2021 Nov 20. PMID: 34841377; PMCID: PMC8604795.
 
Suhas S, Chandra PS, Chaturvedi SK. Gender insensitive salutations in letters and correspondence sections of journals. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021 Oct 27. doi: 10.1007/s00737-021-01191-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34708269.
 
Tikka SK, Parial S, Pattojoshi A, Bagadia A, Prakash C, Lahiri D, Jaiswal J, Puri M, Kukreti P, Behera RN, Agrawal S, Garg S, Dubey S, Gupta V, Bajaj A, Agrawal A, Singour C, Patel G, Maghade M, Purushotham A, Pany SK, Saurabh, Doria S, Tejan V, Chandra PS. Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India - A multicentric study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021 Dec;66:102880. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102880. Epub 2021 Oct 12. PMID: 34688015; PMCID: PMC8526303.
 
Shiva L, Desai G, Satyanarayana VA, Venkataram P, Chandra PS. Negative Childbirth Experience and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder - A Study Among Postpartum Women in South India. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 6;12:640014. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640014. PMID: 34295269; PMCID: PMC8290214.
 
Shiva L, Desai G, Chand P, Ganjekar S, Vaiphei K, Satyanarayana VA, Kishore MT, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS. A virtual course in perinatal mental health for healthcare professionals. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021 Aug;62:102746. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102746. Epub 2021 Jul 3. PMID: 34243061.
 
Thippeswamy H, Davies W. A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021 Jun;24(3):391-401. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01093-1. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33219387; PMCID: PMC8116278.
 
 Yadawad V, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS, Desai G. Short-term outcome of mothers with severe mental illness admitted to a mother baby unit. Indian J Psychiatry. 2021 May-Jun;63(3):245-249. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1005_20. Epub 2021 Jun 17. PMID: 34211217; PMCID: PMC8221211.

Chandra PS, Bajaj A, Desai G, Satyanarayana VA, Sharp HM, Ganjekar S, Supraja TA, Jangam KV, Venkatram L, Kandavel T. Anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnancy predict low birth weight differentially in male and female infants-findings from an urban pregnancy cohort in India. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2021 Dec;56(12):2263-2274. doi: 10.1007/s00127-021-02106-9. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PMID: 34114109.
 
Sinha SK, Kishore MT, Thippeswamy H, Kommu JVS, Chandra PS. Adverse effects and short-term developmental outcomes of infants exposed to atypical antipsychotics during breastfeeding. Indian J Psychiatry. 2021 Jan-Feb;63(1):52-57. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_45_20. Epub 2021 Feb 15. PMID: 34083820; PMCID: PMC8106424.
 
Satyanarayana VA, Jackson C, Siddiqi K, Chandra PS, Huque R, Dherani M, Nasreen S, Murthy P, Rahman A. A behaviour change intervention to reduce home exposure to second hand smoke during pregnancy in India and Bangladesh: a theory and evidence-based approach to development. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2021 Mar 19;7(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s40814-021-00811-5. PMID: 33741080; PMCID: PMC7977562.
 
Patil DM, Bajaj A, Supraja TA, Chandra P, Satyanarayana VA. Lifetime traumatic experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms in a cohort of women in South India. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021 Aug;24(4):687-692. doi: 10.1007/s00737-021-01111-w. Epub 2021 Feb 27. PMID: 33641004.
 
Pradeepkumar PC, Hamza A, Ragesh G, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS, Desai G. Psychological Distress, Coping and Perceived Social Support Among Partners of Women with Postpartum Onset Severe Mental Illness (SMI) Admitted to a Mother-Baby Unit. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020 Nov 2;42(6):535-539. doi: 10.1177/0253717620958162. PMID: 33354079; PMCID: PMC7735251.
 
Ragesh G, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H, Desai G, Hamza A, Chandra PS. Feasibility, Acceptability and Usage Patterns of a 24-Hour Mobile Phone Helpline Service for Women Discharged from a Mother-Baby Psychiatry Unit (MBU) in India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020 Oct 22;42(6):530-534. doi: 10.1177/0253717620954148. PMID: 33354078; PMCID: PMC7735230.
 
Banerjee D, Arasappa R, Chandra PS, Desai G. "Hear me out": experiences of women with severe mental illness with their healthcare providers in relation to motherhood. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021 Jan;55:102505. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102505. Epub 2020 Nov 30. PMID: 33310343.
 
Chandra PS, Nanjundaswamy MH. Pregnancy specific anxiety: an under-recognized problem. World Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;19(3):336-337. doi: 10.1002/wps.20781. PMID: 32931120; PMCID: PMC7491640.
 
 Nanjundaswamy MH, Shiva L, Desai G, Ganjekar S, Kishore T, Ram U, Satyanarayana V, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS. COVID-19-related anxiety and concerns expressed by pregnant and postpartum women-a survey among obstetricians. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020 Dec;23(6):787-790. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01060-w. Epub 2020 Aug 25. PMID: 32839898; PMCID: PMC7445074.
 
Bagadia A, Nanjundaswamy MH, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H, Desai G, Chandra PS. Factors influencing decision-making around pregnancy among women with severe mental illness (SMI): A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020 Dec;66(8):792-798. doi: 10.1177/0020764020925104. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PMID: 32579050.
 
Chandra PS, Shiva L, Nagendrappa S, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H. COVID 19 related Psychosis as an interface of fears, socio-cultural issues and vulnerability- case report of two women from India. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Aug;290:113136. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113136. Epub 2020 May 27. PMID: 32502827; PMCID: PMC7255281.
 
Chandra PS, Shiva L, Nagendrappa S, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H. COVID 19 related Psychosis as an interface of fears, socio-cultural issues and vulnerability- case report of two women from India. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Aug;290:113136. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113136. Epub 2020 May 27. PMID: 32502827; PMCID: PMC7255281.
 
Ganjekar S, Thekkethayyil AV, Chandra PS. Perinatal mental health around the world: priorities for research and service development in India. BJPsych Int. 2020 Feb;17(1):2-5. doi: 10.1192/bji.2019.26. PMID: 34287425; PMCID: PMC8277535.
 
Ganjekar S, Prakash A, Thippeswamy H, Desai G, Chandra PS. The NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences) Maternal Behaviour Scale (NIMBUS): Development and validation of a scale for assessment of maternal behaviour among mothers with postpartum severe mental illness in low resource settings. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jan;47:101872. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101872. Epub 2019 Nov 7. PMID: 31760369.
 
Nanjundaswamy MH, Gaddapati S, Thippeswamy H, Thampy M, Vaiphei K, Kashyap H, Kishore T, Ganjekar S, Chandra PS. Denial of Pregnancy: Psychopathology and Clinical Management. Psychopathology. 2019;52(4):271-274. doi: 10.1159/000503151. Epub 2019 Oct 8. PMID: 31593965.
 
Chandra PS, Saraf G, Bajaj A, Satyanarayana VA. The current status of gender-sensitive mental health services for women-findings from a global survey of experts. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019 Dec;22(6):759-770. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-01001-2. Epub 2019 Sep 16. PMID: 31529275.
 
Fisher J, Chandra P. Reflections on the first conference of the International Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health convened in India, a middle-income country. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019 Oct;22(5):637-640. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-00995-z. Epub 2019 Sep 4. PMID: 31482244.
 
Nanjundaswamy MH, Varshney P, Thanki MV, Arunya B, Rai V, Mehta UM, Arumugham SS, Sudhir PM, Chandra PS. Theta burst stimulation for tokophobia during pregnancy. Brain Stimul. 2019 Sep-Oct;12(5):1322-1324. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.018. Epub 2019 Jun 23. PMID: 31278059.
 
Ballal D, Navaneetham J, Chandra PS. Children of Parents with Mental Illness: The Need for Family Focussed Interventions in India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019 May-Jun;41(3):228-234. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_430_18. PMID: 31142923; PMCID: PMC6532370.
 
Sharma V, Bergink V, Berk M, Chandra PS, Munk-Olsen T, Viguera AC, Yatham LN. Childbirth and prevention of bipolar disorder: an opportunity for change. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Sep;6(9):786-792. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30092-6. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30981755.
 
Sathyanarayanan G, Thippeswamy H, Mani R, Venkataswamy M, Kumar M, Philip M, Chandra PS. Cytokine alterations in first-onset postpartum psychosis-clues for underlying immune dysregulation. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019 Apr;42:74-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.03.012. Epub 2019 Mar 26. PMID: 30974307.
 
Shenoy S, Desai G, Venkatasubramanian G, Chandra PS. Parenting in mothers with schizophrenia and its relation to facial emotion recognition deficits- a case control study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019 Feb;40:55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.022. Epub 2019 Feb 1. PMID: 30738377.
 
Klier CM, Fisher J, Chandra PS, Spinelli M. Filicide research in the twenty-first century. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019 Feb;22(1):135-137. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0924-0. PMID: 30483966.
 
Saraf G, Chandra PS, Desai G, Rao GN. What Adolescent Girls Know about Mental Health: Findings from a Mental Health Literacy Survey from an Urban Slum Setting in India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018 Sep-Oct;40(5):433-439. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_108_18. PMID: 30275618; PMCID: PMC6149304.
 
Sarna A, Singh RJ, Duggal M, Chandra P, Reynolds N. The prevalence and determinants of depression among HIV-positive perinatal women receiving antiretroviral therapy in India. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019 Jun;22(3):399-404. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0904-4. Epub 2018 Aug 23. PMID: 30141027; PMCID: PMC6387642.

 Thippeswamy H1, Desai G, Chandra P.  Help-seeking patterns in women with postpartum severe mental illness: a report from southern India. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018 Mar 21. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0830-5. [Epub ahead of print]

 Reddy MSS, Thippeswamy H, Ganjekar S, Nagappa M, Mahadevan A, Arvinda HR, Chandra PS, Taly AB.  Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as postpartum psychosis-a clinical description and review.  Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018 Feb 7. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0816-3. [Epub ahead of print]

Kishore, M. T., Satyanarayana, V., Ananthanpillai, S. T., Desai, G., Bhaskarapillai, B., Thippeswamy, H., & Chandra, P. S. (2018). Life events and depressive symptoms among pregnant women in India: Moderating role of resilience and social support. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(6), 570-577.doi: 10.1177/0020764018789193. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

Gowda, G. S., Kumar, C. N., Mishra, S., Malathesh, B. C., Komal, S., Math, S. B., & Chandra, P. S. (2018). Maternal Filicide: A Case series from a Medico-legal Psychiatry Unit in India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. Aug;36:42-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 21

Galbally, M., Bergink, V., Vigod, S. N., Buist, A., Boyce, P., Chandra, P., ... & Howard, L. M. (2018). Breastfeeding and lithium: is breast always best?. The lancet. Psychiatry. Jul;5(7):534-536. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30085-3. Epub 2018 May 3

Sarna, A., Singh, R. J., Duggal, M., Chandra, P., & Reynolds, N. (2018). The prevalence and determinants of depression among HIV-positive perinatal women receiving antiretroviral therapy in India. Archives of women's mental health, 1-6.

Dherani M, Zehra SN, Jackson C3, Satyanaryana V, Huque R, Chandra P, Rahman A, Siddiqi K.  Behaviour change interventions to reduce second-hand smoke exposure at home in pregnant women - a systematic review and intervention appraisal.  BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Nov 14;17(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1562-7.

Kumar M, Venkataswamy M, Sathyanarayanan G, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS, Mani R. Immune system aberrations in postpartum psychosis: An immunophenotyping study from a tertiary care neuropsychiatric hospital in India. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2017;310:8-13.

Stewart D, Chandra PS. WPA International Competency-Based Curriculum for Mental Health Providers on Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Against Women. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):223-224.

Shenoy S, Desai G, Chandra PS, Venkatsubramanian G. Development of a tool to assess Facial Emotion Recognition deficits in mothers with schizophrenia—A preliminary report. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;26:21-23.

Stewart DE, Vigod SN, MacMillan HL, Chandra PS, Han A, Rondon MB, MacGregor JCD, Riazantseva E Current Reports on Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017 May;19(5):26. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0778-6. Review

Bagadia A, Chandra PS.  Starting the conversation - Integrating mental health into maternal health care in India.  Indian J Med Res. 2017 Mar;145(3):267-269.

Desai, G., Sunil Kumar, G., Manoj, L., Gokul, G. R., Beena, K. V., Thennarasu, K., & Jaisoorya, T. S. (2017). Prevalence & correlates of chronic perinatal pain–a study from India. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1-6.

Gandhi, S., Thomas, L., & Desai, G. (2017). Effect of VAPE about mother and infant health on knowledge among primary caregivers of patients with postpartum psychiatric illness:-A pre-experimental study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 28, 21-25.

Brockington, I., Chandra, P., Bramante, A., Dubow, H., Fakher, W., Garcia-Esteve, L., ... & Shieh, P. L. (2017). The Stafford interview. Archives of women's mental health, 20(1), 107-112.

Chandra, P. S., Ragesh, G., Kishore, T., Ganjekar, S., Sutar, R., & Desai, G. (2017). Breaking Stereotypes: Helping Mothers with Intellectual Disability to Care for Their Infants. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 1-6.

Thippeswamy, H., Paul, P., Purushottam, M., Philip, M., Jain, S., & Chandra, P. S. (2017). Estrogen pathway related genes and their association with risk of postpartum psychosis: A case control study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 82-85.

Jackson, C., Huque, R., Satyanarayana, V., Nasreen, S., Kaur, M., Barua, D., ... & Siddiqi, K. (2016). “He Doesn’t Listen to My Words at All, So I Don’t Tell Him Anything”—A Qualitative Investigation on Exposure to Second Hand Smoke among Pregnant Women, Their Husbands and Family Members from Rural Bangladesh and Urban India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1098.

Nahar, A., Kondapuram, N., Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2016). Catatonia among women with postpartum psychosis in a Mother-Baby inpatient psychiatry unit. General Hospital Psychiatry.

Ragesh, G., Sajitha, K., & Hamza, A. (2016). Context and Scope of Social Work Interventions in Perinatal Mental Health Settings in India. Asian Social Work and Policy Review.

Supraja, T. A., Varghese, M., Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2016). The relationship of gender preference to anxiety, stress and family violence among pregnant women in urban India. International journal of culture and mental health, 9(4), 356-363.

Supraja, T. A., Thennarasu, K., Satyanarayana, V. A., Seena, T. K., Desai, G., Jangam, K. V., & Chandra, P. S. (2016). Suicidality in early pregnancy among antepartum mothers in urban India. Archives of women's mental health, 19(6), 1101-1108.

Simiyon, M., Chandra, P. S., & Desai, G. (2016). Sexual dysfunction among women with Schizophrenia—A cross sectional study from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 93-98.

Satyanarayana, V. A., Chandra, P. S., & Vaddiparti, K. (2015). Mental health consequences of violence against women and girls. Current opinion in psychiatry, 28(5), 350-356.

Chandra, P. S., Desai, G., Reddy, D., Thippeswamy, H., & Saraf, G. (2015). The establishment of a mother-baby inpatient psychiatry unit in India: Adaptation of a Western model to meet local cultural and resource needs. Indian journal of psychiatry, 57(3), 290.

Babu, G. N., Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2015). Antipsychotics in pregnancy and lactation. Indian journal of psychiatry, 57(Suppl 2), S303.

Thippeswamy, H., Dahale, A., Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2015). What is in a name? Causative explanatory models of postpartum psychosis among patients and caregivers in India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(8), 818-823.
Jones, I., Chandra, P. S., Dazzan, P., & Howard, L. M. (2014). Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period. The Lancet, 384(9956), 1789-1799. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61278-2. Epub 2014 Nov 14.

Fuhr, D. C., Calvert, C., Ronsmans, C., Chandra, P. S., Sikander, S., De Silva, M. J., & Patel, V. (2014). Contribution of suicide and injuries to pregnancy-related mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(3), 213-225.

Dahale, A. B., Chandra, P. S., Sherine, L., Thippeswamy, H., Desai, G., & Reddy, D. (2014). Postpartum psychosis in a woman with Graves' disease: a case report. General hospital psychiatry, 36(6), 761-e7.

Ganjekar, S., Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2013). A comparative study of psychopathology, symptom severity, and short‐term outcome of postpartum and non-postpartum mania. Bipolar disorders, 15(6), 713-718.

Desai, G., Babu, G. N., & Chandra, P. S. (2012). Unplanned pregnancies leading to psychotropic exposure in women with mental illness-Findings from a perinatal psychiatry clinic. Indian journal of psychiatry, 54(1), 59.

Chandra, P. S., Kommu, J. V. S., & Rudhran, V. (2012). Schizophrenia in women and children: a selective review of literature from developing countries. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 467-482.

Babu, G. N., Thippeswamy, H., & Chandra, P. S. (2013). Use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in postpartum psychosis—a naturalistic prospective study. Archives of women's mental health, 16(3), 247-251.

Brockington, I. A. N., Chandra, P., Dubowitz, H., Jones, D., Moussa, S., Nakku, J., & Ferre, I. Q. (2011). WPA guidance on the protection and promotion of mental health in children of persons with severe mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 10(2), 93-102.

Chandra, P. S., & Herrman, H. (2010). Jane Fisher, 1 Atif Rahman, 2 Meena Cabral de Mello, 3. Parenthood and Mental Health: A bridge between infant and adult psychiatry, 12, 429.

Chandra, P. S., Desai, G., & Satyanarayana, V. A. (2010). Psychotherapeutic, psychosocial, individual and family interventions for abnormal states during pregnancy. Parenthood and mental health. A bridge between infant and adult psychiatry. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 147-60.

Babu, G. N., Desai, G., Tippeswamy, H., & Chandra, P. S. (2010). Birth weight and use of olanzapine in pregnancy: a prospective comparative study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 30(3), 331-332.

Desai, G., Babu, G. N., Rajkumar, R. P., & Chandra, P. S. (2009). More questions than answers! Clinical dilemmas in psychopharmacology in pregnancy and lactation. Indian journal of psychiatry, 51(1), 26.

Babu, G. N., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Chandra, P. S. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of suicidality among Indian women with post-partum psychosis in an inpatient setting. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 42(11), 976-980.

Desai, G., & Chandra, P. S. (2008). Ethical issues in treating pregnant women with severe mental illness. Indian journal of medical ethics, 6(2), 75-77.

Chandra, P. S., & Ranjan, S. (2007). Psychosomatic obstetrics and gynecology–a neglected field?. Current opinion in psychiatry, 20(2), 168-173.

Chandra PS, Bhargavaraman RP, Raghunandan VN, Shaligram D. Delusions related to infant and their association with mother-infant interactions in postpartum psychotic disorders. Arch Women's Mental Health 2006; 9(5):285-8

Chandra PS, Sudhir P. Post-partum depression. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:84-5

Chandra, P. S. (2006). INVISIBLE WOMEN. Women's Health in Goa: A Holistic Approach, 59.

Chandra, P. S. (2006). The International Fellowship Scheme and perinatal psychiatry services in South India. The Psychiatrist, 30(9), 353-353.

Chandra PS. Post-partum psychiatric care in India: the need for integration and innovation. World Psychiatry 2004; 3(2):99-100

Chandra PS, Venkatasubramanian G, Thomas T. Infanticidal ideas and infanticidal behavior in Indian women with severe postpartum psychiatric disorders. J NervMent Dis 2002; 190(7):457-61

Ajay Velayudhan, T.M. Raghu,B. Sudarshan, and Prabha S. Chandra. ANOREXIA FOLLOWING TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY AND LAPROSCOPIC STERILIZATION. Indian J Psychiatry.2001 Jan-Mar; 43(1): 67–69.